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Bureau of Mines Information Circular/1987 



Suggested Minimum Performance 
Specifications for Underground 
Coal Mine Environmental 
Monitoring Systems 

By J. H. Welsh. A. F. Cohen, and J. E. Chilton 




UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 




Information Circular 9157 

u 

Suggested Minimum Performance 
Specifications for Underground 
Coal Mine Environmental 
Monitoring Systems 

By J. H. Welsh, A. F. Cohen, and J. E. Chilton 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary 

BUREAU OF MINES 

David S. Brown, Acting Director 








Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: 



Welsh, Jeffrey H. 

Suggested minimum performance specifications for underground coal 
mine environmental monitoring systems. 

(Information circular / United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines ; 9157) 

Bibliography: p. 27 — 28. 

Supt. of Docs, no.: 128.27:9157. 

1. Coal mines and mining- Environmental aspects. 2. Environmental monitoring. I. 
Cohen, A. F. II. Chilton, J.E. III. Title. IV. Series: Information circular (United States. 
Bureau of Mines); 9157. 



TN295:U4- 



[TN803] 



622'.42 



87-600230 



CONTENTS 



Page 



Abstract 1 

Introduction 2 

Description of mine monitoring systems 2 

MSHA minewide monitoring system program 3 

Current status of monitoring in the United States 5 

Potential uses of environmental mine monitoring systems 7 

System safety 7 

Redundant hardware 8 

Secure data 8 

Reliable software 9 

Accurate sensors 9 

Other factors 10 

Performance specifications 10 

Central station 10 

Telemetry system 10 

Sensors and their placement 10 

Methane 26 

Carbon monoxide 26 

Air velocity 26 

Summary 26 

References 27 

Appendix A. — Sensing techniques of environmental sensors 29 

Appendix B. — Manufacturers of monitoring systems evaluated under the MSHA mine- 
wide monitoring system program 32 

Appendix C. — Conditions for petitioning for modification of application of 

30 CFR 75.326 34 

Appendix D. — Potential locations for fixed-point sensors based on 30 CFR Part 

75 requirements 36 

Appendix E. — Carbon monoxide sensor spacing criteria as defined by Factory 

Mutual Research Corp 38 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

1. Configuration of monitoring system components 4 

A-l. Carbon monoxide transducer module 31 

TABLES 

1. MSHA letter classification for sensors and barriers 5 

2. Central station design, installation, operation, and maintenance 11 

3. Telemetry system design, installation, operation, and maintenance 13 

4. Performance specifications for carbon monoxide transducer modules 16 

5. Performance specifications for methane transducer modules 20 

6. Performance specifications for air velocity sensors 23 

D-l. Potential locations for fixed-point sensors 36 

E-l. Typical conditions in a conveyor belt haulageway 38 

E-2. Equivalency for fire detectors for beltway fires 38 

E-3. Spacing criteria for carbon monoxide sensors for beltway fires 39 

E-4. Spacing criteria for carbon monoxide sensors for coal wall fires 39 

E-5. Spacing criteria for carbon monoxide sensors for wood wall fires 39 





UNIT OF MEASURE ABBREVIATIONS USED 


IN THIS REPORT 


A 


ampere 


mg 


milligram 


°C 


degree Celsius 


mg/m 3 


milligram per cubic meter 


cf ra 


cubic foot per minute 


mH 


millihenry 


°F 


degree Fahrenheit 


yH 


microhenry 


f pm 


foot per minute 


min 


minute 


ft 


foot 


mph 


mile per hour 


g 


gram 


ppm 


part per million 


h 


hour 


psi 


pound per square inch 


Hz 


hertz 


s 


second 


in 


inch 


V 


volt 


in/h 


inch per hour 


vol % 


volume percent 


m 


meter 


wk 


week 


mF 


millif arad 


yr 


year 


yF 


microfarad 







SUGGESTED MINIMUM PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR UNDERGROUND COAL MINE ENVIRONMENTAL 

MONITORING SYSTEMS 



By J. H. Welsh, 1 A. E. Cohen, 2 and J. E. Chilton 3 



ABSTRACT 

This Bureau of Mines report presents guidelines to be considered in 
the design, installation, and operation of environmental mine monitoring 
systems in underground coal mines so as to enhance safety in the U.S. 
mining industry. A review of the current status of mine monitoring in 
the United States is also provided. 



Supervisory physical scientist. 
2 Physicist. 
■^Research chemist. 

Pittsburgh Research Center, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA. 



INTRODUCTION 



Computerized mine monitoring had its 
beginning in the United States in the 
early 1970's. Since then, systems have 
evolved and been improved to a point 
where equipment is available commercially 
that can monitor the environment and 
equipment in underground mines. At the 
same time, computerized monitoring has 
become accepted by the mining industry as 
a means for increasing safety and produc- 
tion. Today, more than 50 U.S. under- 
ground mines have monitoring systems in- 
stalled, and interest has been generated 
at many other operations. Many of the 
mines that have installed monitoring sys- 
tems depend on them to provide miner 
safety. For example, a large number of 
systems monitor for fire along the belt 
conveyor entry with carbon monoxide sen- 
sors so that the belt entry can be used 
as an intake aircourse. 

As more interest is generated in moni- 
toring, and as mining operations become 
more dependent on monitoring systems to 
provide miner safety, there is an even 
greater need to ensure that these systems 



operate reliably and safely. In par- 
ticular, several questions have been 
raised: 

1. What design guidelines should be 
followed by system manufacturers to en- 
sure software and hardware reliability? 

2. Where should environmental sensors 
be placed in the mine to accurately de- 
pict the actual mine environment? 

3. What maintenance procedures should 
be followed to keep monitoring systems in 
good operating condition? 

This report addresses these questions 
by providing performance specifications 
and guidelines for environmental mine 
monitoring systems. It also covers the 
current status of mine monitoring in the 
United States, potential uses of environ- 
mental monitoring systems, and monitoring 
system safety. Even though computerized 
monitoring systems are capable of gather- 
ing information from equipment as well as 
from the environment, only environmental 
monitoring is addressed in this report. 



DESCRIPTION OF MINE MONITORING SYSTEMS 



Mine monitoring systems are electro- 
mechanical systems that remotely sense 
various environmental and operational 
parameters in a mine and transmit the 
data to a central location where they are 
analyzed and displayed. On the basis of 
this definition, a monitoring system can 
be discussed in terms of three basic 
functions: sensing, data transmission 
(or telemetry), and data analysis and 
display. In the case of monitoring and 
control systems, such as systems that 
automatically and remotely deenergize 
face equipment when the methane content 
at a specified location reaches a pre- 
determined level, the control operation 
represents a fourth function. 

Sensing can be divided into two general 
categories: environmental and production 
sensing. Environmental sensors are de- 
signed to measure various aspects of a 
mine's environment to assist in maintain- 
ing safe conditions for underground 
personnel. The parameters that are of 



concern are carbon monoxide, methane, and 
air velocity. These sensors are used to 
detect and locate potentially hazardous 
conditions such as fires, methane build- 
ups, and ventilation failures so that 
appropriate measures can be taken. Pro- 
duction sensors are used to monitor the 
operating status of various pieces of 
underground equipment to detect produc- 
tion bottlenecks, equipment failures, and 
maintenance requirements. Examples in- 
clude conveyor belt, pump, and face 
equipment operation. This report only 
addresses environmental monitoring for 
carbon monoxide, methane, and air 
velocity. 

The sensor output can be a simple 
status indication, called a binary, con- 
tact closure, or status output (high-low, 
open-closed), or it can be a continuously 
variable function of time, called analog 
output (air velocity, methane concentra- 
tion, etc.). While the continuously var- 
iable data can provide significantly more 



information than the simple status data, 
how much more depends on the accuracy of 
the measurements. The sensing or mea- 
surement techniques for carbon monoxide, 
methane, and air velocity sensors are 
discussed in appendix A. 

Telemetry is the process of transmit- 
ting data output from the sensors to the 
central station on the surface. Since it 
is generally not feasible to run a sepa- 
rate conductor or conductor pair to each 
sensor, telemetry systems typically use 
several remote stations or "outstations ," 
each accepting and encoding the output of 
a number of sensors and transmitting the 
encoded data along a common cable to the 
central station. The two most common en- 
coding techniques are (1) frequency do- 
main multiplexing and (2) time domain 
multiplexing. Frequency domain multi- 
plexing has the advantage that data from 
all monitoring points are received at all 
times, although the number of monitoring 
points is limited by the overall band- 
width of the system. Time domain multi- 
plexing can be expanded to accommodate as 
many monitoring points as desired; how- 
ever, each point is sampled only inter- 
mittently since the system interrogates 
the monitoring points sequentially. The 
cycle time, or the time between succes- 
sive samplings of the same point, is the 
time the system requires to interrogate 
all the monitoring points. 

Time-multiplexed systems often transmit 
data in digital format, i,e., a series of 



high-low state indications is transmitted 
that represents the monitoring point sta- 
tus. A common technique to accomplish 
this transmission is to use frequency 
shift key (FSK) encoding. This encoding 
process uses two different frequencies to 
represent the high and low states, rather 
than high- and low-level signals of the 
same frequency. The FSK encoded data 
are less affected by noise on the trans- 
mission line than data in simple high-low 
digital format. In addition, current 
signal detection techniques make it very 
easy to detect dual-frequency signals in 
the presence of noise. 

The third basic function of a monitor- 
ing system is analysis and display of the 
measured data. These operations are nor- 
mally accomplished by a computer in an 
aboveground central location. Most sys- 
tems have the ability to trigger audio- 
visual alarms if a sensor detects that 
its predetermined threshold has been 
exceeded. In addition, most systems 
provide hard copy documentation of the 
alarms and display the actual values de- 
tected by the sensors on video display 
terminals (VDT). Color graphics are usu- 
ally available to enhance the interface 
with the user. These computer-based sys- 
tems can have the added capability of 
data storage for trend analysis, record 
keeping, and reporting. 



MSHA MINEWTDE MONITORING SYSTEM PROGRAM 



In June 1982, the Mine Safety and 
Health Administration (MSHA) began ac- 
cepting applications for minewide moni- 
toring system (MWMS) evaluations, and 
sensor and barrier classifications. This 
established a means for manufacturers to 
have their monitoring equipment evaluated 
for use in both fresh and return air. 

Before that time, it was not possible 
to obtain general MSHA approval for oper- 
ating a computerized mine monitoring sys- 
tem underground in return air because 
MSHA had no schedule under which it could 
approve the systems. Systems installed 
in U.S. underground coal mines before 



1982 were installed on an individual ba- 
sis with the approval of the MSHA dis- 
trict manager, and only in fresh air up 
to the last open crosscut. 

The MWMS program evaluates mine moni- 
toring systems for electrical and intrin- 
sic safety; performance of the system 
is not considered. Intrinsic-safety re- 
quirements are only applied to equipment 
interfacing with, and located in, gassy 
areas. Equipment located in fresh air 
must only meet general electrical safety 
requirements. 

Figure 1 shows possible configurations 
of mine monitoring system components. 




480 
Vac 



L ^ \ center / ^HZ 



/ 
2 
3 
4 
5 



KEY 

Output limit circuit 
Power circuit barrier 
Shielded cable 
MSHA classified sensors 
MSHA classified barrier 



Fresh 
air 

Return 
air 



[Sen son 

<r 3 



Blue 
outstation 







(Sensor) 



UJUJUJ 



v_y <nr\> 



Gland 




'Sensor 



\ 



r-Wsensorj 

120 
Vac 





Explosion-proof 
enclosure 



FIGURE 1.— Configuration of monitoring system components. 



Outstations must be located in fresh air, 
since they are not considered intrinsi- 
cally safe, and they must be either red 
or blue in color. All sensor circuits 
directly connected to red outstations 
must be located in fresh air, while sen- 
sor circuits connected to blue outsta- 
tions may be located in gassy areas or 
may be connected to high-voltage devices. 
Barrier devices are used to isolate 
power circuits and to provide instrinsi- 
cally safe circuits. Two types of bar- 
riers are included in the MWMS program — 
power circuit barriers and letter class 
barriers. Power circuit barriers allow 
connection of a blue outstation to cir- 
cuits whose voltage may exceed the maxi- 
mum allowable input of the letter class 
barriers. Letter class barriers allow 
connection of a blue outstation to cir- 
cuits located in gassy areas. Letter 
class barriers are classified according 
to their output voltage and current. 
Both types of barriers are located in 
blue outstations. 



Sensors located in gassy areas must 
also be classified by a letter classifi- 
cation according to their effect on in- 
trinsic safety, considering the maximum 
barrier energy output with safety factors 
applied. Intrinsic safety of sensors and 
sensor cabling located in gassy areas 
is assured when a sensor circuit is con- 
nected to a barrier of the same class. 
Table 1 (1_) 4 shows MSHA sensor and bar- 
rier classifications. 

MSHA-certif ied explosion-proof enclo- 
sures must be used to include circuits 
and components in the system that are not 
intrinsically safe yet are located in 
gassy areas. A letter class barrier, of 
the same classification as the letter 
class barrier at the blue outstation, 
must be used to protect the wiring con- 
necting the circuits within the enclo- 
sure with the rest of the system. Letter 

^Underlined numbers in parentheses re- 
fer to items in the list of references 
preceding the appendixes. 



TABLE 1. - MSHA letter classification for sensors and barriers 





Barrier 


values 


Sensor 


values 


Class 


Nominal output 
voltage, V 


Maximum output 
current, A 


Maximum 
capacitance 


Maximum 
inductance 


A 


5 

5 
10 
10 
12 
12 
15 
20 
20/10 
25 
30 
18 


3.0 

1.0 

3.0 

1.0 

3.0 

1.0 

1.25 

.7 

0.7/ .1 

.3 

.1 

1.0 


5 mF 

5 mF 

60 yF 

60 yF 

30 yF 

30 yF 

15 yF 

7 yF 

1 yF 

3 yF 

1 yF 

10 yF 


100 yH 
1 mH 


B 


c 


100 yH 
1 mH 


D 


E 


100 yH 


F 


1 mH 


G 


300 yH 


H 


1 mH 


I 


800 yH 


J 


10 mH 


K 


15 mH 


L 


1 mH 


Z 1 





Reserved for nonelectrically operated switch contacts, thermo- 
couples, resistance temperature devices, etc., and may be connected 
to any MSHA letter class barrier. 



class barriers are also used to interface 
with classified sensors located outside 
the enclosure. A power circuit barrier 
must be used when circuits within the 
enclosure are monitored, controlled, or 
used to supply power to the system. 

Data transmission lines that connect 
outstations and the central station are 
not accepted by MSHA as intrinsically 
safe and are considered a possible elec- 
trical shock hazard. The normal operat- 
ing voltage of data transmission lines 
must not exceed 60 V per conductor to 
ground. 



If batteries are used underground to 
provide continued system operation in the 
event of loss of mine power, the battery 
source must be disconnected and electri- 
cally isolated upon loss of mine ventila- 
tion. This can be done automatically by 
ventilation sensing or manually from the 
central station. 

Manufacturers of monitoring systems 
that have been evaluated under the MSHA 
Minewide Monitoring System Program are 
listed in appendix B. Foose (1_) gives 
further information on the require- 
ments of the Minewide Monitoring System 
Program. 



CURRENT STATUS OF MONITORING IN THE UNITED STATES 



Mine monitoring systems installed in 
the United States vary in their use and 
in their capabilities. Some systems mon- 
itor several points; others monitor and 
control whole mine complexes involving 
over 1,000 points. Likewise, the systems 
vary from personal-computer based devices 
with a monochrome video display terminal 
(VDT), no data storage, and the ability 
to support a limited number of outsta- 
tions and sensors, to 16-bit computers 
with sophisticated color graphics, long- 
term data storage, analysis and trending, 



and the ability to support many outsta- 
tions and sensors. 

The majority of the over 50 systems in- 
stalled in U.S. underground mines moni- 
tor at least 1 environmental parameter. 
Environmental parameters being moni- 
tored include carbon monoxide, methane, 
air velocity, temperature, humidity, ab- 
solute pressure, and smoke; carbon monox- 
ide is the most common. A number of mine 
operators have been granted a variance 
from the Code of Federal Regulations 
(CFR) ; manHat-nrv standard, 30 CFR (2), 



Part 75.326, Aircourses and Belt Haulage 
Entries, resulting in widespread use of 
carbon monoxide sensing. This was also a 
major reason for the rapid growth of mine 
monitoring in the 1980's. 

The mandatory safety standard states 
that the air coursed through belt haulage 
entries must be limited to the amount 
necessary to provide adequate oxygen and 
to ensure the air contains less than 1% 
methane; and that such air cannot be used 
to ventilate active working places. Un- 
der certain circumstances, on a case-by- 
case basis, MSHA has allowed mine opera- 
tors to use the belt haulage entry as 
an intake aircourse to ventilate active 
working places, with certain restric- 
tions, provided carbon monoxide is moni- 
tored continuously along the belt haulage 
entry with a computerized monitoring sys- 
tem to provide rapid fire detection. 
Specific guidelines for the use of the 
belt haulage entry for intake air are 
listed in appendix C. As of mid-1986, 
40 mines (3) had received a variance of 
30 CFR 75.326 based on the use of a car- 
bon monoxide mine monitoring system. 

Besides carbon monoxide monitoring, the 
use of other environmental sensors in the 
United States has been limited because 
mine operators have not been able to 
receive a direct monetary benefit from 
their installation, since in most cases 
MSHA has not allowed a tradeoff for a re- 
quirement in a mandatory standard. This 
may change in the future depending on the 
outcome of the current rewrite of 30 CFR 
mandatory standards for the ventilation 
area. (See the next section of this re- 
port. ) A mine operator should, however, 
benefit from environmental monitoring 
through increased safety, provided the 
system is maintained in an operational 
condition. 

Other variances of mandatory standards 
based on the installation of a mine 
monitoring system have been filed and 
granted. A petition for a variance can 
be considered if an alternative method of 
achieving the result of the standard ex- 
ists that will at all times guarantee no 
less than the same measure of protection 



afforded by the standard. Other regula- 
tions besides 75.326, in which a petition 
has been filed to use a mine monitoring 
system, are listed below. 

75.305 Weekly examination for hazard- 
ous conditions . — This section requires 
weekly inspections of at least one entry 
of each intake and return aircourse in 
its entirety, both for methane and for 
compliance with the mandatory health 
and safety standards. Typical petitions 
state that because of poor roof condi- 
tions it is not possible to travel the 
aircourses in their entirety, and offer 
checkpoint measurements as an alterna- 
tive. Continuous methane measurements 
(75.305) could be made with a monitoring 
system at these checkpoints. Airflow 
measurements required by 75.306 could 
also be made with the same system. 

75.312 Air passing through abandoned, 
inaccessible, or robbed area . — This sec- 
tion requires that air that has passed 
through an abandoned area or an area that 
is inaccessible or unsafe for inspection 
not be used to ventilate any working 
place in the mine. The petitioner pro- 
poses to monitor the air passing through 
these areas with an envitronmental moni- 
toring system in order to use the air to 
ventilate active working areas. 

75.1103-4(a) Automatic fire sensor and 
warning device systems; installation; 
minimum requirements . — This section re- 
quires that automatic fire sensor and 
warning device systems provide identifi- 
cation of fire within each belt flight. 
A petition proposes to use a carbon mon- 
oxide monitoring system for the fire de- 
tection system. 

75.1105 Housing of underground trans- 
former stations, battery-charging sta- 
tions, substations, compressor stations, 
shops, and permanent pumps . — This section 
requires that aircurrents used to venti- 
late structures or areas enclosing elec- 
trical installations be coursed directly 
to the return. Petitions requested to 
use the air ventilating transformer sta- 
tions to ventilate active working areas. 
They proposed monitoring for carbon mon- 
oxide in order to do so. 



POTENTIAL USES. OF ENVIRONMENTAL MINE MONITORING SYSTEMS 



A number of potential uses for environ- 
mental mine monitoring systems may pro- 
vide increased mine safety. Some of 
these have been identified in a draft, 
revised safety standard for ventilation 
in underground coal mines that has been 
circulated for public comment (4_)« They 
include — 

1. Monitoring mine ventilating pres- 
sure for each surface mine fan. 

2. Monitoring carbon monoxide at un- 
derground electrical installations. 

3. Monitoring carbon monoxide where 
intake air is being heated by liquefied 
fuel systems. 

4. Monitoring carbon monoxide in belt 
entries so those entries can be used as 
intakes (75.326 variance). 

5. Monitoring carbon monoxide and 
methane in belt entries used as returns. 

6. Monitoring carbon monoxide, meth- 
ane, and air velocity in any mine in 
which the methane concentration in air 
in any given main or submain return air- 
course exceeds 1%. 

7. Monitoring methane during each 
shift that coal is produced and at inter- 
vals not to exceed 4 h at locations spec- 
ified for the on-shift examination for 
hazards. 

8. Monitoring methane and air velocity 
at locations specified for the weekly 
examination. 

9. Monitoring carbon monoxide, meth- 
ane, and air velocity for evaluation of 
return aircourses developed before 1970. 

There are other mine scenarios in which 
continuous environmental monitoring may 
impact mine safety. One is for mines 
that use two-entry longwall mining. 
Under adverse geologic conditions, the 



two-entry technique has reduced the 
occurrence of pressure bumps, roof falls, 
and other ground control problems dur- 
ing mining operations. However, in emer- 
gency situations, evacuation of miners is 
limited, and substantial measures, such 
as environmental monitoring, are needed. 
Recommendations by the MSHA Task Force on 
longwall mining (_5) for monitoring for 
this scenario include — 

1. Install an environmental monitoring 
system in the intake escapeway of all 
longwall developments and longwall panels 
when both designated escapeways are ven- 
tilated by one continuous split of air. 
The sensing devices in this monitoring 
system will be low-level carbon monoxide 
monitors or sensors for another product 
of combustion that are no less effective. 

2. Install an environmental monitoring 
system in the belt haulage entry whenever 
belt air is used to ventilate active 
working places or the belt entry is used 
as a return aircourse. The system would 
utilize low-level carbon monoxide moni- 
tors or sensors for another product of 
combustion that are no less effective. 
When the belt entry is used as a return 
aircourse, methane monitors would be 
used. 

3. Methane monitoring and automatic 
deenergization of electric equipment 
must be used when conditions exist where 
methane gas could be backed up the in- 
take entries to points beyond the normal 
location of nonpermissible electrical 
equipment. 

In the future, as mines become deeper 
and more complex, environmental monitor- 
ing will be a necessity to provide a safe 
and healthy workplace for miners. 



SYSTEM SAFETY 



The question of "How safe is safe?" has 
perplexed people for many years. This 
question must not be taken lightly since 
a system must monitor methane, with the 



possibility of an explosion if high con- 
centrations are not detected, and must 
detect a fire and alarm fast enough 
to alert miners to evacuate a mine. For 



environmental mine monitoring systems to 
provide mine safety, they must be de- 
signed with reliability and safety in 
mind and must be adequately tested and 
properly installed, operated, and main- 
tained. If there are shortcomings in any 
of these areas, on the part of either the 
manufacturer or the mine operator, the 
potential exists for serious safety con- 
sequences, especially when miner safety 
depends on the monitoring system. 

The Bureau of Mines has investigated 
monitoring system safety through in-house 
and contract research. Some of the find- 
ings are presented here. 

REDUNDANT HARDWARE 

The reliable operation of mine monitor- 
ing system hardware was investigated 
through an interagency agreement with 
Rome Air Development Center, Reliability 
and Maintainability Engineering Section 
(6^), and through a contract with West 
Virginia University (WVU) (_7). Based on 
this research, it was concluded that com- 
plete duplication or even triplication of 
the entire monitoring system should be 
given serious consideration. Duplication 
would have to be done with great care 
when interconnecting the duplicates to 
ensure that one failure does not cause 
the entire system to fail. Duplication 
would be expensive but would provide more 
insurance that no alarms pass undetected 
because of system hardware or software 
parts failure. 

The central processor unit (CPU) should 
be at least duplicated with output com- 
parators to detect system disagreements. 
This increases the safety of the system 
by not allowing hardware errors to go un- 
detected. However, reliability is not 
increased, and the system would probably 
be out of service more than a single CPU 
system. A fault-tolerant CPU system 
would increase the reliability of the 
monitoring system as well as provide the 
system checks for operating safety. A 
CPU such as this would actually be com- 
posed of three CPU's with voting outputs. 
If two of the three CPU's (each running 
independent versions of the software) 
provided a common output, that majority 
output would be the command of record, 



and the odd command would be flagged as 
an error. 

WVU also recommends that underground 
sensors should be duplicated, if the loss 
of data from one location could immedi- 
ately kill people. The recommendation 
for duplicate sensors, of course, depends 
on the type of sensor, the spacing be- 
tween sensors, and the velocity of air 
movement. 

The communication system should be du- 
plicated. That is, independent cabling 
for the dual sensors should be used, pre- 
ferably in different paths. These paths 
should \>e separated completely, even to 
the point of running one underground and 
the other on the surface. This would 
prevent a complete communication failure 
if one cable is damaged by accident, roof 
fall, or fire. 

SECURE DATA 

Another problem is data security, the 
error rate for information transmissions. 
Most errors are caused by electromagnetic 
noise, which is quite severe in a mining 
environment. The problem is not so much 
that an error is transmitted, but that an 
error in transmission goes undetected be- 
cause of the noise on the transmission 
line. The sensitivity to erroneous data 
transmission depends on factors such as 
the cable used, local noise field, length 
of cable run, and data formatting. Bu- 
reau research indicates that the maximum 
transmission distance for one undetected 
random error per year ranges from 1.3 
to 6.8 miles in an average noise field, 
and from 0.1 to 0.6 mile in an estimated 
maximum noise field. Since cable runs 
are frequently several miles, one can ex- 
pect occasional undetected transmission 
errors. 

Communication protocols should be such 
that when a message is transmitted from 
a CPU-based devise to a sensor, the sen- 
sor should always echo what it received 
(its address, data received, or command 
received) in order for the transmitting 
device to verify that the command was 
received. This should not be a user- 
implemented option, but should be auto- 
matic. Techniques for detecting errone- 
ous data transmission have been devised, 



principally by computer manufacturers. 
IBM's 5 synchronous data link control 
(SDLC) and Digital Equipment Corp. 's dig- 
ital data communication message proto- 
col (DDCMP) have been identified by the 
University of Oklahoma (8) as promising 
for mining environment use. The use of 
shielded cable also provides increased 
data security from electromagnetic noise. 

RELIABLE SOFTWARE 

Proper software design is difficult to 
ensure. It is difficult to be certain 
that all bugs have been detected and re- 
moved from the software. Manufacturer 
testing of software typically does not 
test all possible scenarios that may be 
encountered in the field. An example 
would be how the software responds during 
an emergency when multiple alarms are oc- 
curring simultaneously. 

Probably the best indication of whether 
the bugs have been worked out of the 
software is how long the manufacturer 
has had Its software in the field. The 
longer the software has been in use, the 
greater the probability the bugs have 
been worked out. 

Optimally, to reduce the chance of 
software errors, software should be de- 
veloped by two independent programmers 
who develop independent versions of soft- 
ware to do the same job. A coal operator 
would then purchase two processors, each 
running a different version of the soft- 
ware with comparison of results. 

To meet the need for a method of test- 
ing monitoring system software without 
actual installation in an underground 
coal mine, or to accelerate this testing, 
a monitoring system-software test appara- 
tus was developed by WVU under a Bureau 
contract (9). The objective of this con- 
tract was to develop a monitoring system 
testing tool that would both test exist- 
ing monitoring systems for use in under- 
ground coal mines, and also be flexible 
enough to test systems that will be 
available in the future. 



^Reference to specific products does 
not imply endorsement by the Bureau of 
Mines. 



The test apparatus provides the capa- 
bility of performing evaluation of moni- 
toring systems such as the communication 
saturation point, which is extremely im- 
portant especially during emergency con- 
ditions, to evaluate delay time from 
alarm condition to alarm annunciation. 
All of the software in the monitoring 
system can be exercised, including soft- 
ware modules normally executed only 
during emergency situations. The test 
apparatus also provides for consistent 
testing of different monitoring systems, 
by allowing strict control of the test 
procedure and mine parameters. 

The MSHA Approval and Certification 
Center has expressed interest in this 
apparatus. 

ACCURATE SENSORS 

Sensors are a critical element in mine 
monitoring systems since they provide the 
input data. If the input data are not 
correct or not representative of the re- 
quired measurement, the entire monitoring 
process is meaningless. One problem with 
sensors is that their output represents 
the response of the sensor to a number of 
parameters, in addition to the one that 
is to be measured. Examples are the re- 
sponse of the sensor to changes in tem- 
perature, the poisoning of sensors by 
other gases in the mine, or the situation 
when carbon monoxide sensors respond to 
fire, blasting, and diesel emissions. 
The critical problem relates to the abil- 
ity of the sensor to actually measure the 
parameter of interest. In particular, 
ventilation monitoring systems use point 
air velocity measurements to represent 
the total airflow at a cross section in 
the mine. The total airflow is deter- 
mined either from an empirically derived 
factor and the point measurement, or from 
actual calibration of the cross section. 
The problem is further complicated be- 
cause the only safe location for the 
sensor, to prevent damage from mining 
operations, is on the rib or roof in the 
low-flow boundary layer. It is possible 
to have large changes in the overall air- 
flow with little or no change in the 
velocities in the boundary layer and, 
consequently, in the sensor output. 



10 



The Bureau has conducted sensor loca- 
tion strategy experiments and has devel- 
oped guidelines for sensor placement. 
These are discussed in the section en- 
titled "Sensors and Their Placement." 

OTHER FACTORS 

Other factors affecting system safety 
are the manufacturer's quality con- 
trol procedures; what are the inspection 
and/or quality assurance policies? Also, 
are the manufacturers aware of, and do 
they use, components and assembly prac- 
tices suitable for the mine environment, 
such as MIL-SPEC electronic components, 
NEMA 4 enclosures, conformal coating of 
circuit boards, etc.? 

A mine operator should only consider 
reputable companies when choosing a 



monitoring system supplier. Previous ex- 
perience and references should be consid- 
ered, and other mine operators who have a 
system should be asked if they are satis- 
fied with the system and service. Appen- 
dix B lists monitoring system manufactur- 
ers who have had their system evaluated 
by MSHA under the MWMS Program. This 
list is a good place to start when look- 
ing for a system supplier. 

If all the recommendations for system 
safety discussed in this section were 
followed, the resultant system would be 
too costly. Therefore, a mine operator 
must weigh the costs and benefits of the 
various alternatives. Minimum perfor- 
mance specifications and guidelines for 
monitoring system implementation and 
safety are listed below. 



PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS 



Minimum performance specifications and 
guidelines for design, installation, and 
operation of mine monitoring systems are 
provided in this section to (1) help mine 
operators in selecting a monitoring sys- 
tem for their mine, (2) minimize the ap- 
plication of poorly designed monitoring 
systems in mines, and (3) provide assis- 
tance in the installation and operation 
of mine monitoring systems. 

For this discussion, the components of 
a mine monitoring system are divided into 
three areas: central station, telemetry, 
and sensor. Within each component area, 
design, installation, and operation of 
the equipment are discussed. The perfor- 
mance specifications have been devel- 
oped from Bureau field and laboratory 
research. References 6-13 contain addi- 
tional information. 

CENTRAL STATION 

The central station is typically lo- 
cated on the surface and consists of a 
computer(s) with software, video display 
terminal(s) with keyboard, and print- 
er (s). This equipment gathers data 
from underground sensors, analyzes them, 
and displays them to an operator. 
Table 2 lists central station design, 



installation, operation, and maintenance 
specifications. 

TELEMETRY SYSTEM 

The telemetry system consists of the 
cable connecting each outstation to the 
central station, the other outstations, 
and the communication protocol. The 
majority of this equipment is located 
in the mine and, therefore, should be 
suited for the mine environment. Table 3 
lists telemetry system design, installa- 
tion, operation, and maintenance 
specifications. 

SENSORS AND THEIR PLACEMENT 

Sensors are a critical element in mine 
monitoring systems since they provide the 
input data, while being physically lo- 
cated in the harsh mine environment. For 
environmental monitoring, three sensor 
types are of main concern: carbon mon- 
oxide, methane, and air velocity. In ta- 
bles 4, 5, and 6, measurement require- 
ments, environmental requirements, and 
maintenance and other requirements for 
the performance specifications of each of 
the three sensor types are discussed. 



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Environmental 
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15 



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Accuracy over a 30-day 
including factors tha 
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3 


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a, 


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CD * 


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3 






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3 


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c 


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& 


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co 


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a co cu 






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2 




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3 


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2 




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CtCH 






3 3 O 


o 


H 




l-i 3 


i-i 3 


co 


3 


use 


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3 X 




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i-i <v u 


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3 in a 


c 


2 




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— • a 


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c 


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JE 




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3 

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co 








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c 


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c/ 


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c 


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26 



For a monitoring system to be useful, 
it must accurately represent environmen- 
tal conditions in a mine. Not only must 
the sensors function properly, but they 
must also be placed at strategic loca- 
tions. If a mine had an unlimited budget 
for sensors, it could hang sensors every- 
where, but this would then create mainte- 
nance problems. A mine must, therefore, 
optimize sensor placement for the partic- 
ular intention of the application. Sen- 
sor placement must be considered not only 
on a minewide scale, but also on a local 
scale, such as the location within a par- 
ticular cross section. Below are some 
general guidelines for sensor placement 
developed from in-mine sensor location 
strategy experiments ( 12-13 , 17) . 

Methane 



1. Placement of methane sensors should 
follow CFR requirements for handheld in- 
struments. Appendix D gives the loca- 
tions of examinations in 30 CFR Part 75. 

2. Because methane comes from the coal 
itself, and because it is lighter than 
air, the highest concentrations are ex- 
pected near the roof. The detector part 
of the sensor (catalytic bead) should be 
no closer than 12 in from roof or rib, as 
required in 30 CFR Part 75. 

Carbon Monoxide 

1. For carbon monoxide sensors used 
tor early fire detection, horizontal 
placement should be in the middle of the 
airway. Vertical placement should be 
close to but at least 4 in down from the 
roof. 

2. Maximum spacing between sensors 
varies depending upon the application. 
Factory Mutual Research Corp., under 



Bureau contract (18) , has developed spac- 
ing guidelines for three scenarios: 
(1) beltway fire, (2) coal wall fire, and 
(3) wood wall fire. The spacing criteria 
also take into account ventilation rates, 
hazard time, and safety factor. For ex- 
ample, for a mine with a ventilation rate 
of 50 fpm in a belt entry, an entry width 
of 18 ft, a seam height of 6 ft, and a 
safety factor of 0.5 (the safety factor 
ranges between and 1, with the larger 
the value, the more time available for 
response to the fire after detection), 
the recommended detector spacing would be 
827 ft. Under the same conditions except 
with a ventilation rate of 100 fpm, the 
recommended spacing would be 1,462 ft. A 
further description of the procedure for 
determining carbon monoxide sensor spac- 
ing is contained in appendix E. Recom- 
mendations for carbon monoxide sensor 
spacing along the beltway as required by 
MSHA for a variance of 30 CFR 75.326 are 
contained in appendix C. 

Air Velocity 

1. Placement of air velocity sensors 
should follow CFR requirements for hand- 
held instruments. Appendix D gives the 
locations of examinations required in 30 
CFR Part 75. 

2. The geometric center of the airway 
cross section is the best place, prefer- 
ably hung by suspension (e.g., guy wire). 

3. Sensor placements at abrupt changes 
in the flow of air, such as at a bend, 
intersection, or obstruction, can cause 
sensors to indicate erroneous values. 
The influence of these abrupt changes 
in flow of air often extends 3 to 5 
airway widths upstream and 10 or more 
widths downstream. These regions should 
be avoided. 



SUMMARY 



Computerized mine monitoring systems 
can provide a safer and more productive 
work environment for underground coal 
mines. Many mines are currently using 
them to provide miner safety, as evi- 
denced by the number of mines that have 



placed carbon monoxide sensors along belt 
entries in order to use those entries as 
intake airways. In the future, as mines 
become deeper and more complex and as 
mining rates increase, environmental mon- 
itoring systems will play a greater role 



27 



in providing mine safety. Even though 
mine monitoring can increase safety, this 
can only happen when both monitoring sys- 
tem manufacturers and mine operators keep 
safety in mind. Manufacturers must de- 
sign systems for reliability and safety, 
and make sure these systems are installed 
properly and that the system operators 
are adequately trained in their operation 
before the manufacturer leaves the mine 
site. On the other hand, the mine oper- 
ator must dedicate time and labor to the 
system in order to maintain it in good 



operating condition and provide the nec- 
essary people to operate it properly. 
Any failure on the part of the manufac- 
turer or the mine operator can lead to 
serious consequences. 

This report provides guidelines to the 
mining industry for the design, installa- 
tion, and operation of environmental mon- 
itoring systems to provide miner safety. 
By following these guidelines, the poten- 
tial for monitoring system failure can be 
reduced. 



REFERENCES 



1. Foose, H. E. System Evaluation and 
Barrier and Sensor Classification Under 
the Mine Safety and Health Administra- 
tion Mine-Wide Monitoring System Program 
(Pres. at 14th Ann. Int. Symp. of the 
ISA, Mining and Metallurgy Division, Den- 
ver, CO, Apr. 29-May 2, 1986). Instru- 
mentation in the Mining and Metallurgy 
Industry, v. 13, 1986, pp. 47-50. 

2. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. 
Title 30 — Mineral Resources; Chapter I — 
Mine Safety and Health Administration, 
Department of Labor; Subchapters A-P, 
Parts to 199. July 1, 1985, 732 pp. 

3. Stricklin, K. G. Environmental 
Monitoring in Coal Mines. Paper in Pro- 
ceedings of the 17th Annual Institute on 
Coal Mining Health, Safety, and Research 
(Blacksburg, VA, Aug. 26-28, 1986). 
1986, pp. 73-83. 

4. U.S. Mine Safety and Health Admini- 
stration. Preproposal Draft Rule To Re- 
vise Existing Safety Standards for Venti- 
lation in Underground Coal Mines, 30 CFR 
Part 75. Nov. 1985; for further informa- 
tion, contact Patricia W. Silvey, Direc- 
tor, Office of Standards, Regulations, 
and Variances, MSHA, Arlington, VA (703) 
235-1910. 

5. Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. 
Technical Recommendations on Two-Entry 
Mining by MSHA Task Force on Longwall 
Mining. Mine Safety and Health Reporter, 
June 26, 1985, pp. 34-36. 

6. Younglove, A., A. Pettinato, 
P. Macdiarmid, and S. Stagnitta. Reli- 
ability Analysis of U.S. Bureau of 
Mines Mine Monitoring Systems (contract 



H01 11838, Rome Air Development Center). 
BuMines OFR 33-83, 1983, 49 pp. 

7. Nutter, R. S. , N. S. Smith, W. R. 
Voltz, P. Klinkhachorn, and D. F. 
Tuthill. Methodology Development for 
Mine Life Safety System Evaluation (con- 
tract J0100057, WV Univ.). BuMines OFR 
76-84, 1982, 428 pp.; NTIS PB 84-182765. 

8. Bredeson, J. G. , H. Hashemi, and 
K. Sneedhar. Data Security for In-Mine 
Transmission (contract J0308024, Univ. 
OK). BuMines OFR 88-84, 1982, 76 pp.; 
NTIS PB 84-185081. 

9. Nutter, R. S. , R. S. Chapman, 
A. M. Kissel, C. A. Winkelmann, and W. R. 
Voltz. Underground Mine Monitoring and 
Control Testing Criteria (contract 
J0113057, WV Univ.). BuMines OFR 51-85, 
1984, 155 pp.; NTIS PB 85-228864. 

10. Trelewicz, K. Environmental Test 
Criteria for the Acceptability of Mine 
Instrumentation (contract J0100040, Day- 
ton T. Brown, Inc.). BuMines OFR 1-82, 
1981, 137 pp.; NTIS PB 82-146335. 

11. Fisher, T. J., and M. Uhler. Re- 
search To Develop an Intrinsically Safe 
Monitoring System for Coal Mines. Paper 
in Proceedings of the Fifth WVU Con- 
ference on Coal Mine Electrotechnology , 
July 30, 31, August 1, 1980 (contract 
J0100049, WV Univ.). BuMines OFR 82-81, 
1980, pp. 20-1 to 20-10. 

12. Cohen, A. F. Choosing Fixed-Point 
Mine Monitoring Air Velocity Sensor Sites 
(In-Mine Experiments) (Pres. at 14th 
Ann. Int. Symp. of the ISA, Mining and 
Metallurgy Division, Denver, CO, April 
29-May 2, 1986). Instrumentation in the 



28 



Mining and Metallurgy Industry, v. 13, 
1986, pp. 19-36. 

13. Cohen, A. F. , T. J. Fisher, R. A. 
Watson, and J. L. Kohler. Location 
Strategy for Methane, Air Velocity, and 
Carbon Monoxide Fixed-Point Mine Moni- 
toring Transducers. Paper in Proceedings 
of the 7th WVU Mining Electrotechnology 
Conference (Morgantown, WV, July 24-27, 
1984). WV Univ., 1984, pp. 180-193. 

14. Miller, E. J., P. M. Turcic, and 
J. L. Banfield. Equivalency Tests of 
Fire Detection Systems for Underground 
Coal Mines Using Low Level Carbon Monox- 
ide Monitors. Paper in Proceedings 2nd 
International Mine Ventilation Congress 
(Reno, NV, Nov. 4-8, 1979), AIME, 1980, 
pp. 27-1 to 27-8. 



15. American Society for Testing and 
Materials. Standard Specifications for 
Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere, D-ll 
Committee, Sampling and Analysis of At- 
mospheres. Philadelphia, PA, 1978, 4 pp. 

16. National Fire Protection Associa- 
tion. Intrinsically Safe Apparatus for 
Use in Division 1 Hazardous Locations. 
NFPA Bull. 493, 1978, 55 pp. 

17. Litton, C. D. Guidelines for Sit- 
ing Product-of-Combustion Fire Sensors 
in Underground Mines. BuMines IC 8919, 

1983, 13 pp. 

18. Newman, J. S. , and M. M. Khan. 
Standard Test Criteria for Evaluation of 
Underground Fire Detection Systems — Final 
Report (contract HOI 13017, Factory Mu- 
tual Research Corp.). BuMines OFR 54-85, 

1984, 217 pp.; NTIS PB 85-204170. 



29 



APPENDIX A. — SENSING TECHNIQUES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSORS 



A number of commercially available en- 
vironmental sensors are suitable for use 
with computerized monitoring systems. 
During the last 10 yr, improvements in 
circuit design and construction have re- 
sulted in sensors that can be used in the 
mine environment. In selecting a sensor, 
attention should be paid to its reliabil- 
ity and the specificity and accuracy of 
the reading. In this appendix, the mea- 
surement techniques for carbon monoxide, 
methane, and air velocity sensors are 
discussed. 

METHANE SENSORS 

There are two primary techniques for 
detecting and measuring methane concen- 
tration that are suitable for mine moni- 
toring use: Heat of combustion and in- 
frared absorption. Heat-of-combustion or 
catalytic combustion sensors are the most 
common in the United States. These sen- 
sors detect the presence and concentra- 
tion of methane by measuring the temper- 
ature rise of a catalytic element that 
oxidizes the methane at very low temper- 
atures without a flame. The temperature 
rise in the catalyst is proportional to 
the methane content of the air surround- 
ing the sensor. 

There is some difference in the tech- 
nique by which the sensors expose the 
catalyst to the gas mixture to be mea- 
sured. Some devices rely on diffusion of 
the gas mixture through a porous metal 
flame arrestor screen. These are called 
diffusion-head type sensors. Others use 
mechanical pumps to draw air samples 
across the catalyst. Another method al- 
ternately draws the sample in and then 
exhales prior to the next sample. While 
the diffusion devices have a slower re- 
sponse time, they are simpler and do not 
rely on mechanical pumps that may be af- 
fected by dust and moisture. Although 
catalytic combustion sensors are rela- 
tively rugged and simple in operation, 
they have a disadvantage in terms of 
specificity. The catalyst temperature 
will rise in the presence of any combus- 
tion gas, not just methane. This is 



not always a problem, and can be reduced 
by operating at a specified temper- 
ature or selecting a catalyst that favors 
a methane-oriented chemical reaction. 
Another disadvantage is that catalytic 
sensors are not generally suitable for 
measuring methane concentrations above 
5%. 

The second methane-sensing technique is 
based on the absorption by different 
gases of different amounts of infrared 
radiation. Typically, infrared energy is 
passed through a sample cell that has 
windows that do not absorb in the infra- 
red band. The sensor is either equipped 
with a reference cell or calibrated by 
purging the sample cell with nitrogen 
prior to making measurements. An infra- 
red detector located on the opposite side 
of the cell produces an electrical signal 
proportional to the difference between 
the reference and the sample, which is 
proportional to the methane concentra- 
tion. Infrared sensors can be used to 
measure methane concentrations in the en- 
tire range between 0% and 100%. While 
infrared sensors are relatively sensitive 
and specific, they are typically more 
complex and expensive than catalytic 
sensors. 

AIR VELOCITY SENSORS 

Two types of air velocity sensors are 
applicable to underground mining, rotat- 
ing-vane anemometers and acoustic vortex- 
shedding anemometers. 

Rotating-vane anemometers are mechani- 
cal devices with vanes or impellars that 
are rotated or turned by the air flowing 
through the anemometer. The better in- 
struments use ball bearings that reduce 
the turning friction of the main shaft on 
which the vanes are mounted to improve 
the accuracy at low air velocities. 
While this device is simple in operation, 
its susceptibility to excessive dirt and 
moisture is a disadvantage. 

The second type of anemometer, acoustic 
vortex shedding, measures air velocity 
by sensing the frequency at which vor- 
tices' are shed from a rod placed in the 



30 



airstream. The vortices in the airstream 
are sensed by the effect they have on an 
acoustic (ultrasonic) pulse transmitted 
through them. Since vortex-shedding ane- 
mometers have no moving parts, they are 
well suited for underground mines.' They 
are also typically more expensive than 
mechanical anemometers. 

CARBON MONOXIDE SENSORS 

Carbon monoxide is produced by the 
thermal oxidation of materials containing 
carbon. For wood or coal, carbon monox- 
ide is the major gas evolved at 50° to 
150° C. The presence of carbon monoxide 
in the mine atmosphere can be used as a 
warning of incipient fire. Since carbon 
monoxide is also produced from diesel ex- 
haust or explosive products (shot fir- 
ing), if gases from these products come 
in contact with carbon monoxide sensors, 
the sensor also reacts. Therefore, the 
warning system must be able to differen- 
tiate the source of the carbon monoxide. 

Most carbon monoxide sensors used in 
this country are the electrochemical am- 
perometric type, in which carbon monoxide 
is electrocatalytically oxidized to form 
carbon dioxide. From this oxidation pro- 
cess a current is produced that is pro- 
portional to the carbon monoxide concen- 
tration. The air to be sampled either is 
allowed to diffuse into the sensor or is 
drawn in by a mechanical pump. This type 
of s,ensor is stable, lasting up to 2 yr 
in a mine environment, is inexpensive 
(original cost of the sensor is under 
$100), and is sensitive to low concen- 
trations of carbon monoxide (~10 ppm). 
Other gases that are electrochemically 
oxidizable will also produce a current 
at the electrode, acting as if they were 



carbon monoxide. They include hydrogen, 
acetylene, ethylene, nitric oxide, nitro- 
gen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur 
dioxide. Gas-interf erent filters may be 
used with the sensor to remove the active 
hydrocarbons, nitrogen, and sulfur gases, 
but these filters must be replaced regu- 
larly to be effective. 

There are other techniques for measur- 
ing carbon monoxide at the 10-ppm con- 
centration at fixed locations. In one, 
carbon monoxide is measured from the heat 
produced by catalytic oxidation over a 
Hopcalite catalyst. The resulting tem- 
perature rise in the catalyst is propor- 
tional to the gas concentration. Here, 
the basic- technique is nonspecific, and 
carbon monoxide-specific catalysts and 
appropriate filament temperatures are re- 
quired to reduce the interference of 
other combustible gases. 

Another technique is absorption of in- 
frared energy. This is similar to that 
described for methane detection. The 
sensor is made selective for carbon mon- 
oxide by modifying the methane receiver 
transducer to detect changes in the in- 
frared wavelengths that are absorbed by 
carbon monoxide molecules. For nondis- 
persive systems, the absorption filters 
must be changed, and for dispersive sys- 
tems, the refraction grating must be 
changed. 

Carbon monoxide may also be measured by 
the conductivity change in metal-oxide 
semiconductor sensors, such as tin oxide 
and zinc oxide solid state sensors. 
These solid state sensors are sensitive 
to a large number of gases and are used 
in British coal mines for monitoring to- 
tal fire products. 

Figure A-l is a diagram of the carbon 
monoxide transducer module. 



31 




0-50 or 0-25 
ppm CO 



CO 
sensor 



Battery 
backup 



Amplifier 



To outstation or 
surface computer 

T 



Power 



Analog-to- 
digital converter 
telemetry link 



or 



4-to 20-mA 
current loop 



Data 



Calibration 
voltage signal 



or 



Automatic 
calibration 



Enclosure 

FIGURE A-1.— Carbon monoxide transducer module. 



32 



APPENDIX B. —MANUFACTURERS OF MONITORING SYSTEMS EVALUATED 
UNDER THE MSHA MINEWIDE MONITORING SYSTEM PROGRAM 



MSHA 
evaluation 


Date 


Model 


Company and address 




11/24/82 




Transmitton Inc. 
1101 Parkway View Dr. 
Pittsburgh, PA 15205 
(412) 787-3383 




MMS-2-0 


03/02/83 


2002 


Giangarlo Scientific 
2500 Baldwick Rd. 
Pittsburgh, PA 15205 
(412) 922-8850 












07/22/83 




Mundix Control Systems, Inc. 
5495 Marion St. 
Denver, CO 80216 
(303) 296-1790 






09/15/83 




Conspec, Inc. 
1701 McFarland Rd. 
Pittsburgh, PA 15216 
(412) 563-6060 






10/03/83 


DGS-1000/430 


Appalachian Electronic Inst., 
810 West Monroe Ave. 
Ronceverte, WV 24970 
(304) 647-5855 


Inc. 




01/26/84 




Kidde Automated Systems, Inc. 
725 G County Line Road 
Deerfield, IL 60015 
(312) 272-8012 




MMS-7-0 


03/13/84 


DAN-6000 


Mine Safety Appliances Co. 
Instrument Div. 
P.O. Box 427 
Pittsburgh, PA 15230 
(412) 776-8600 












12/19/84 




Do. 





APPENDIX B.— MANUFACTURERS OF MONITORING SYSTEMS EVALUATED 
UNDER THE MSHA MINEWIDE MONITORING SYSTEM PROGRAM— Continued 



33 



MSHA 


Date 


Model 


Company and address 


evaluation 








MMS-8-0 


05/02/84 


DYNALINK 


Hawker-Siddeley Dynamics Engineering 
Bridge Road East 












Welwyn Garden City 








Hertfordshire England 








AL7 1LR 








Welwyn Garden (07073) 31299 








OR 








Ohio Brass Co. 








(U.S. representatives) 








380 North Main St. 








Mansfield, OH 44903 








(419) 522-7111 




09/06/84 




Femco Div. , Gulton Industries 
P.O. Box 33 
2000 Bethel Dr. 
High Point, NC 27261 
(919) 887-2611 

OR 
National Mine Service 

(sales) 
600 North Bell Ave. 
Bldg. 2, Suite 110 
Carnegie, PA 15106 
(412) 429-0800 


MMS-9-1 


12/03/84 


845901 


Femco Div. . Gulton Industries 






(Address given above. ) 








Rel Tek Corp. 
616 Beatty Rd. 
Monroeville, PA 15146 
(412) 373-6700 



34 



APPENDIX C. — CONDITIONS FOR PETITIONING FOR MODIFICATION 
OF APPLICATION OF 30 CFR 75.326 



This section contains conditions that 
must be met by a mine operator consider- 
ing a 101C petition of 30 CFR 75.326— 
Aircourse and Belt Haulage Entries, to 
use the belt haulage entry as an intake 
aircourse. They have been set by MSHA, 
but all variances are granted on a case- 
by-case basis, and meeting the following 
criteria does not automatically qualify 
the use of the belt entry as an intake 
aircourse. 

1. A fire detection system shall be 
installed as follows: 

(a) Low-level CO monitoring devices 
shall be installed in all belt entries 
utilized as intake aircourses. 

(b) The CO monitoring devices shall 
be located so that the air is monitored 
at each belt drive, tailpiece, and 
other locations as may be required by 
the MSHA District Manager to insure the 
safety of miners. 

(c) The CO monitoring devices shall 
be capable of giving a warning automat- 
ically when the level of CO of any lo- 
cation specified above exceeds 5 ppm 
above the ambient level of the mine. 

(d) The CO monitoring devices shall 
be capable of providing both visual and 
audible alarm signals. 

(e) The monitoring system shall 
have the capability of identifying any 
activated sensor within the belt haul- 
age entry. This system shall also have 
a map or schematic which will identify 
all monitor and flight locations. 

(f) The monitoring devices shall 
initiate fire alarm signals at a manned 
location on the surface where personnel 
on duty have two-way communications 
with all persons who may be endangered. 
Such signals shall be activated when 
the level of CO exceeds 10 ppm above 
the ambient level of the mine. 



(g) The person at the manned loca- 
tion on the surface shall be trained in 
the operation of the CO monitoring sys- 
tem and in the proper procedures to 
follow in the event of an emergency. 

2. At any time the CO monitor has been 
deenergized, for reasons such as power 
outages or routine maintenance, the belt 
conveyor may continue to operate. The 
belt entry shall be continuously pa- 
trolled and physically monitored by a 
qualified person with CO detector tubes 
or equivalent means until the monitor 
returns to normal operation. 

3. The CO monitor and sensor shall be 
visually examined at least once every 24 
hours to insure proper functioning. The 
unit shall be inspected by a qualified 
person for such work not less than every 
7 days. The inspection shall insure the 
monitor is operating properly and that 
the required maintenance as recommended 
by the manufacturer is performed. 

The monitor shall be calibrated with 
known quantities of CO and air mixtures 
at least every 30 calendar days. An in- 
spection record shall be maintained on 
the surface and made available to all in- 
terested persons. The inspection record 
shall show the date and time of each 
weekly inspection and calibration of the 
monitor, and all maintenance performed, 
whether at the time of the weekly inspec- 
tion or otherwise. 

4. The details for the fire detection 
system including, but not limited to, 
type of monitor, sensor location, alarm 
system, maintenance, and calibration 
schedule shall be included as a part of 
the Ventilation System and Methane and 
Dust Control Plan required by 30 CFR 
75.316. The District Manager may require 
additional CO monitors to be installed as 
part of said plan to insure the safety of 
the miners. 



35 



5. The velocity of the air current in 
the belt entry shall not exceed 300 fpm. 

6. The concentrations of respirable 
dust in the intake air passing over the 
belt conveyor shall be within the re- 
quirements of 30 CFR 70.100(b). 

7. The petitioner must continue to 
comply with all mandatory safety and 
health standards at this mine except as 
specifically modified by this Decision 
and Order. 

Other guidelines are taken from "Equiv- 
alency Tests of Fire Detection Systems 



for Underground Coal Mines Using Low Lev- 
el Carbon Monoxide Monitors" (14) . They 
include — 

1. For contaminant travel velocities 
200 fpm or less, the CO monitors should 
not be spaced in excess of 2,000 ft, and 
not in excess of 3,000 ft when contami- 
nant travel velocities exceed 200 fpm. 

2. In conveyor belt entries where the 
air velocity is less than 50 fpm or the 
air stream does not have a definite and 
distinct direction, CO monitors may not 
be appropriate. 



36 



APPENDIX D. —POTENTIAL LOCATIONS FOR FIXED-POINT SENSORS 
BASED ON 30 CFR PART 75 REQUIREMENTS 



CFR Part 75 — Underground Coal Mine 
Standards were reviewed to determine lo- 
cations where manual examinations of the 
mine environment are required to provide 
a healthy and safe workplace. When a 
mine installs a computerized monitoring 
system to monitor the environment, the 
locations required to be examined by 30 



CFR for environmental hazards may also be 
appropriate for fixed-point monitoring. 
For the examinations currently required, 
this section reviews the location, the 
measurand, the regulation number, and the 
frequency of examination as a possibility 
for fixed-point monitoring. 



TABLE D-l. - Potential locations for fixed-point sensors 



Location 


Measurand 1 


Regulation 


Frequency 




Q 


V 


co 2 


CH 4 


CO 






- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


75.300 


Continuously. 


All active 


- 


>60 


<0.5 


- 


- 


75.301 


Periodic. 


workings . 
















Inby end of 


>3,000 


- 


- 


<1 


- 


75.301, 


s 


brattice face. 












75.307 


Prior to ma- 


Last open cross- 


>9,000 


- 


- 


<1 


- 


75.301, 


chine start- 


cut face. 












75.307 


> up; every 20 
min during 
mining. 


Intake end — pil- 


>9,000 


- 


- 


<1 


- 


75.301, 




lar line. 












75.307 




Intake end — 


>9,000 


- 


- 


<1 


- 


75.301, 




longwall face. 












75.307 


* 


Auxiliary fans.. 


- 


- 


- 


<1 


- 


75.302 


Continuously. 


Working sections 


Yes 


Yes 


- 


Yes 


- 


75.303 


Preshift. 


Do 


Yes 


Yes 


- 


Yes 


- 


75.304 


Onshift (1 
per shift). 


Each return 
















split at main 


Yes 


Yes 


- 


Yes 


- 


75.305 


Weekly. 


return. 

















*Q = quantity of air, cfm. 
V = velocity of air, fpm. 
CO2 = carbon dioxide, vol %. 



CH^ = methane, vol %. 

CO = carbon monoxide, vol %. 

- indicates the item is inapplicable. 



37 



TABLE D-l. - Potential locations for fixed-point sensors — Continued 



Location 


Measurand 1 


Regulation 


Frequency 




Q 


V 


C0 2 


CH 4 


CO 




Pillar falls and 
seals at main 
return. 


Yes 


Yes 




Yes 




75.305 


Weekly. 


1 entry of each 
intake and re- 
turn aircourse, 
in its 
entirity. 


Yes 


Yes 




Yes 




75.305 


Do. 


Idle workings .... 


Yes 


Yes 


- 


Yes 


- 


75.305 


Do. 


Abandoned area... 


Yes 


Yes 




If 
entered 


- 


75.305, 
75.314 


Weekly, with- 
in 3 h of 
entry. 


Main intakes and 
returns. 


Yes 


Yes 


- 


- 


- 


75.306 


Weekly. 


Working sections. 


Yes 


Yes 


- 


- 


- 


75.306 


Do. 


Return air split 
from working 
section. 


— 


— 


— 


<1 


— 


75.309 


4-h interval 
during 
shift. 






Neutral 


- 


<1 


Under 
variance 


75.326 


Periodic. 


Track entries.... 


- 


<250 


- 


<1 


- 


75.327 


Do. 


In intake between 
abandoned area 
and working 
place. 








<0.25 if 
used to 
ventilate 




75.311, 
75.312 


Preshif t. 



1 Q = quantity of air, cfm. 
V = velocity of air, fpm. 
CO2 = carbon dioxide, vol % 



CH^ = methane, vol %. 

CO = carbon monoxide, vol %. 

- indicates the item is inapplicable. 



38 



APPENDIX E. — CARBON MONOXIDE SENSOR SPACING CRITERIA 
AS DEFINED BY FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORP. 



Fire sensor spacing criteria were de- 
veloped by Factory Mutual Research Corp. 
(FMRC) (18) based on a universal set of 
detection criteria defined relative to 
the application of fire detectors in un- 
derground mines. This required a time 
relationship to be established to detect 
a fire; the time to effectively respond 
after detecting a fire; and the time af- 
ter the initiation of a fire to reach a 
defined hazard, tn, the hazard time, such 
as a fire that becomes seriously life 
threatening. Three main fire scenarios 
were considered by FMRC: (1) a coal fire 
in a conveyor belt haulageway that served 
as the ignition source for the belting, 
(2) a coal wall fire, and (3) a wood wall 
fire. 

For the beltway fire (scenario 1), both 
equivalent spacing prescribed by 30 CFR 
and generalized spacing for fire detec- 
tors were determined. Since equivalent 
spacing is a function of the mine geome- 
try and ambient conditions, a "typical" 
beltway configuration was assumed as 
given in table E-l. Table E-2 gives 

TABLE E-l. - Typical conditions in a 
conveyor belt haulageway 

Ambient temperature °F.. 65 

Ventilation rate ...cfm. . 4,000 

Ceiling height ft. . 5 

Entry width ft.. 16 

Cross-sectional area ft 2 .. 80 

Ambient velocity f pm. . 50 



(1) detector type, (2) alarm and/or alert 
level, (3) equivalent spacing, (4) safety 
parameter, X, and (5) the corresponding 
spacing for each detector at X > 0.50, 
for each detector tested by FMRC. The 
safety parameter, X, is the time avail- 
able for response to the fire after de- 
tection and is a fraction of the hazard 
time. The larger the value of X, the 
more time is available. Equivalent spac- 
ing was assessed using X, such that the 
spacing for a nonheat detector was deter- 
mined at the minimum safety parameter 
given by a mine-permissible heat detec- 
tor, i.e., X = 0.45. The recommended 
maximum spacing for each detector is 
given for X > 0.50 and ranges from 10 ft 
for the slowest heat detector to 1,000 ft 
for the fastest product-of-combustion 
detector. 

Tables E-3, E-4, and E-5 give the gen- 
eralized spacing criteria for each fire 
scenario considered. In each table the 
spacing criteria (S) are listed versus V 
(the ventilation rate in 1,000 cfm) and X 
(the safety parameter). The procedure 
for determining the sensor spacing dis- 
tance follows: 

1. Select values of X and V. 

2. Read the corresponding value of S 
in the table for the scenario of 
interest. 

3. Calculate the spacing distance from 
spacing distance (ft) = (V(S-43) )/60. 



TABLE E-2. - Equivalency for fire detectors for beltway fires 



Detector 


Type 


Alarm and/or alert level 


Equivalent 
spacing, ft 


X 


Recommended max 
spacing, ft 


Ideal 


Heat 

Heat 

Heat 

Heat 

CO 

CO 

C0 2 

Smoke 


A 39° C 


50 

50 

50 

50 

980 

980 

430 

1,100 


0.70 
.70 
.65 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 


180 




A 35° C 


180 


MSA 


A 39° C 


150 


MSA 


A 37° C 


10 




870 




870 






310 




1,000 



Suggested levels. 



The value 43 in the equation is a typical 
CO sensor response time (in seconds) as 
determined through FMRC testing. 



39 



Further information on the FMRC work 
can be obtained from the final report 
(18). 



TABLE E-3. - Spacing criteria (S) for carbon monoxide sensors 
for beltway fires 1 



Velocity, 




Safety 


factor 




Velocity, 
1,000 cfm 




Safety 


factor 




1,000 cfm 


X=0 


X=0.25 


X=0.50 


X=0.7 5 


X=0 


X=0.25 


X=0.50 


X=0.7 5 





2,700 


2,030 


1,350 


680 


7 


2,350 


1,670 


1,000 


330 


1 


2,570 


1,890 


1,220 


550 


8 


2,320 


1,650 


970 


300 


2 


2,510 


1,840 


1,160 


490 


9 


2,200 


1,620 


950 


280 


3 


2,470 


1,790 


1,120 


450 


10 


2,280 


1,600 


930 


260 


4 


2,430 


1,760 


1,080 


410 


11 


2,260 


1,580 


910 


240 


5 


2,400 


1,730 


1,050 


380 


12 


2,240 


1,560 


890 


220 


6 


2,370 


1,700 


1,020 


350 













! t H = 2,700 s. 



TABLE E-4. - Spacing criteria (S) for carbon 
monoxide sensors for coal wall fires 



Velocity , 


tH, 
S 




Safety 


factor 




1,000 cfm 


X=0 


X=0.25 


X=0.50 


X=0.75 








1 











1 


1,630 


1,500 


1,090 


680 


280 


2 


2,300 


2,110 


1,530 


960 


390 


3 


2,820 


2,590 


1,880 


1,180 


480 


4 


3,250 


2,990 


2,170 


1,360 


550 


5 


3,640 


3,340 


2,430 


1,520 


610 


6 


3,980 


3,660 


2,660 


1,670 


670 


7 


4,300 


3,950 


2,870 


1,800 


730 


8 


4,600 


4,230 


3,070 


1,920 


780 


9 


4,880 


4,490 


3,260 


2,040 


830 


10 


5,140 


4,730 


3,430 


2,150 


870 


11 


5,390 


4,960 


3,600 


2,250 


910 


12 


5,630 


5,180 


3,760 


2,360 


950 



TABLE E-5. - Spacing criteria (S) for carbon 
monoxide sensors for wood wall fires 



Velocity, 


tH, 
S 




Safety 


factor 




1,000 cfm 


X=0 


X=0.25 


X=0.50 


X=0.75 




















1 


450 


290 


180 


70 





2 


630 


400 


250 


90 





3 


770 


490 


300 


110 





4 


890 


570 


350 


130 





5 


1,000 


640 


390 


150 





6 


1,090 


700 


430 


160 





7 


1,180 


750 


460 


170 





8 


1,260 


810 


490 


180 





9 


1,340 


860 


530 


200 





10 


1,420 


900 


550 


210 





11 


1,480 


950 


580 


220 





12 


1,540 


990 


610 


230 






4388 33 



US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1987 605-01 7'60 071 



INT.-BU.OF MINES,PGH.,PA. 28569 



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Bureau of Mines— Prod, and Distr. 
Cochrans Mill Road 
P.O. Box 18070 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15236 



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